Thursday, April 21, 2011 - 10:53 PM
It was one of those passing remarks, usually quickly lost in the flow of conversation, that caught my attention last night at one of those establishment think tank dinner parties of which there are dozens in Washington every night.
This was the type of gathering where 20-30 big thinkers, former officials, media pooh-bahs, and the odd business executive or two gather with a current high-ranking official to find out what's really going on and/or to tell him/her what he/she should really be doing about the state of the world. The governing protocol is always Chatham House rule which stipulate that the discussion is off the record and no one can be quoted by name outside the room.
While this is meant to encourage frank and open discussion, I am always impressed by the extent to which people are careful about what they say at these dinners. No one trusts the rules enough to venture too far off the orthodox reservation of whatever the topic of the night happens to be. That's why I was very surprised at last night's discussion of globalization and how to make it work for the United States when one eminent participant commented that it is becoming virtually impossible to consider further rounds of global free trade negotiations because "everyone is afraid of China." This, of course, meant that many, if not most, countries fear that further opening their markets to Chinese producers and investors may put them at an economic disadvantage.
Now please understand. This was not an AFL-CIO or textile industry dinner. This was a group of people who had mostly championed China's entry into the WTO and the granting of permanent Most Favored Nation treatment to China by the United States. The premise of those decisions was that bringing China fully into the world global trading system and the process of globalization would foster adoption of western free market ideas and policies and eventually even adoption of western democratic politics by China. In other words, the notion was that globalization would tame China and make it a nice global partner like, say, Singapore -- maybe a little authoritarian but firmly committed to free market, free trade, capitalist ideals.
But now some important people in this group were saying it wasn't working. That had already been somewhat indicated by the global trade figures and the chronic and enormous surpluses that China has long been accumulating in contradiction of forecasts to the contrary by many in the room. But until last night I had not heard such direct admissions of concern. Indeed, another key thinker emphasized deep fear of China's vacuuming up of intellectual property around the world without regard to patent and copyright protections. Several people agreed that the China phenomenon is seen as a threat by countries around the world.
The conclusion was that for the foreseeable future new trade deals will have to be bi-lateral, regional, or sectoral in scope rather than global and comprehensive. At one level, that seems logical and correct. But it is actually a frightening admission of a much larger and more dangerous failure. It means that rather than having one trade regime covering all countries and administered by one WTO, globalization is leading to a proliferation of Preferential Trade agreements (we call them Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) but they are really PTAs) administered by a congeries of different bodies and governments.
But that is exactly what we had prior to the Great Depression and World War II. The whole point of the post war creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and eventually of the WTO was to obviate and avoid this discriminatory system of preferential and special bi-lateral or multi-lateral deals that contributed so much to the breakdown of the global economy and the outbreak of war in the 1930s.
Does the passing, little noticed comment about everyone being too afraid of China to negotiate free trade suggest a return to the future? This is one of the great questions being posed to global leaders. We shall return to it.
China is building post-American world economy
China is single-handedly building post-American world economy.
With its three trillion dollars and rising foreign exchange reserves, China has become a lender of last resort for many a companies and many a countries in the world, thanks to WTO liberalization.
Sooner or later, the debtors and especially U. S. have to say enough is enough and NO more to this ever-increasing Chinese accumulation of forex reserves.
Afterall China is NOT going to voluntarily give up this enormous trade advantage that it enjoys with so many countries in the world.
It is thanks to WTO that China is rearranging the distribution of world’s wealth.
A day of reckoning has to dawn on debtor countries what a havoc WTO has wrecked on world’s finances although it is too late for them to be able to do anything about it.
By wearing a capitalist mask, Chinese Communists have beaten capitalists at their own game. Lenin used to say that ‘capitalists will sell us the ropes with which we will hang them’. China’s Communists with capitalist mask have proved that Lenin saying quite prophetic.
Let us thank the genius of Nixon-Kissinger for embracing China’s Communist dragon to counter Russia’s Soviet bear in 1972 that provided China with such ‘proverbial ropes‘.
Afterall China was a pariah country in the world just like today’s North Korea until Nixon’s 1972 visit. All the West European and East Asian countries stayed away from China following the US lead until 1972 and embraced China after Nixon’s visit. While US would not give MFN status to Soviet Union (remember Jackson-Vanik amendment?) unless Russia shed Communism, it had no problem giving it to China’s Communist dictators with a capitalist mask. Trade with China expanded by leaps and bounds during 12 years of Republican rule beginning in 1981. After campaigning against butchers of Beijing in 1992 elections, even Bill Clinton became enthusiastic supporter of trade with China once he took lessons in foreign policy from Nixon in early 1993 during a special Whitehouse-arranged meeting.
Had it not been for that Nixon embrace in 1972, China’s rise as an economic powerhouse would have been far more slower with all the US, West European and East Asian markets closed to cheap Chinese products. Had it not been for that Nixon embrace, China’s technological progress would have been far slower in the absence of West’s technology transfers. Had it not been for that Nixon embrace, China’s military progress would have been far slower in the absence of huge forex reserves that China accumulated from the massive exports of cheap Chinese products and China used those forex reserves to acquire latest military technology.
If Chinese Communists have beaten capitalists at their own game, let us remember what our "students of history" fail to observe in many of its lessons.
Lenin did more than just utter the saying you aptly quoted. He actually did it in the early days of Bolshevism in Russia with his NEP: He encouraged the last of the Russian capitalists to work with the Soviet Communist system, just enough to set it afloat, after which he dispensed with them.
It's true that China's economic development was very much a result of its own internal economic policies, but I think Marty is right that China would have developed a lot more slowly had the US not reached out to China in the early 1970s; it may have otherwise remained isolationist a lot longer. Interaction with the US in the '70s laid the foundations for the economic collaboration and skills-transfer that followed (which certainly contributed to China's economic changes -- in other words "opening up" and "reform" went hand-in-hand). Of course Mao's death was a huge factor too.
Note that while Hitler's Germany was also totalitarian like the USSR and China under Mao, it was actually fascist, which is on the opposite end of the political spectrum than communism/socialism (Hitler was actually against communism, the proletariat etc). Today China is not socialist (which is more of an economic term) but rather a capitalist (economic system) and an authoritarian-Leninist state (political system). Sorry if this is nit-picking, I do think you make a good point, but maybe you will find these distinctions/nuances useful.
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"Everyone" was afraid of Japan too...
...and Mr. Prestowitz even wrote a best-selling book about it called "Trading Places:
How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It."
Some scary threat that turned out to be. Yet the grumblings of the Statist Beltway Intelligencia, including Mr. Prestowitz (and his crystal clear track record) are supposed to get Americans scared again? Umm, thanks, but no thanks.
Google "China Ghost Cities" sometime, and then tell me just how "scary" the big red monster really is. Industrial planning never works, no matter how many "smart people" in Washington, Beijing, Tokyo or Moscow just swear up and down that this time - this time! - it'll be different.
But it does sell books.
"Industrial planning never works"
It does, and it still is. China is still growing at 10% with highly centralized industrial planning- it has sustained this for decades. The USSR went from feudalism to industrialized and one of only two world superpowers in the course of one generation. The US itself grew with highly centralized industrial planning. This planning is centered in the Department of Defense out of which came automation, the internet, containerization and modern telecommunications and Wall Street.
A country which keeps the mummified remains of Mao in its capital city is cynical in its adoption of Capitalism ... not that it is some socialist utopia either ... it has some of the worst aspects of both old-style soviet ideology and modern neoliberal exploitation in its drive to "develop" its economy.
A couple of editorial comments from a collection of economic research papers: Rebalancing the Global economy: A Primer for Policymaking
"Even if imbalances do not represent a threat to the operation of an open global economy, they risk undermining public support for such openness."
"While there has been much mention of coordinated action to address global imbalances, to date the substantive basis of any inter-governmental deal, its political viability in each leading jurisdiction, and the trigger needed to bring such deliberations to a close remain elusive. Nor have reforms of the international financial system proceeded far enough . . ."
Former chairman of President Reagan's Council of Economic Advisers joins the fray.
1. Harvard professor Marty Feldstein writes this week that under the existing arrangements it is national interest that is preventing the G20 from securing a sustainable global economy. Link
2. On the subject of 'Reforms of the international financial system have not proceeded far enough'. The International Federation of Accountants, representing millions of accountants worldwide, has been unable to prevent national governments from intervening harmfully in the audit process. Some administrations insist on light touch regulation, stop effective audit for local political reasons and water down audit conclusions for entities that are capable of collapsing the global economy. Hence the global financial crisis?
The European Commission is especially concerned and wants wide regulation.
Delivery of both is a different matter.
True globalism ultimately means some kind of world government
The original Bretton Woods represented a major breakthrough for the world economy, as it substantially lessened the risk of depression worldwide. It did so by establishing a world economic order that worked. The momentum towards free trade by the United States has, as Mr. Prestowitz pointed out, gone a long way towards providing ourselves with the rope to hang us with.
With this revelation of fear of China among the ruling classes of this world, there is a clear indication that there is some awareness that a major adjustment needs to be made in the rules of the global economy in order to prevent a cataclysmic failure in the next five years. The WTO superstructure appears to be badly designed for this task.
And this means that a greater responsibility falls on the G-20 and the Basel accords to come up with some new rules that can be accommodated to the realities and demands of the 21st Century. The urgency of the situation requires that some collective head banging takes place.
While any talk of a true global governance structure is premature and out of the question at this time, surely there is the need for more collective regulation and structure than what's currently available.
Having been involved with the ECommerce side of global enterprise since 1993, it is interesting that so many online ventures view China as the 'Holy Grail' of potential business. but have been unable to tap into this rapidly expanding niche of potential customers due to the country's ever-changing payment processing policies.
Although the country is primarily debit oriented, and the bank-issued debit cards CAN be used for online purchases, it is virtually impossible to for the average ecommerce merchant to get their funds out of China. Payment processors find their processing ability live one day - and shut off the next - with no reason given.
A recent example was when PayPal and Chinese commerce giant Ali Baba announced a processing partnership - and within days, thousands of merchants and payment processors found their payment processing ability shut off without any explanation.
Until trade in and with China becomes a two way street - with China allowing their consumers to become customers of non-China based ecom enterprises - the much sought after Chinese ecommerce market will never materialize.
Melody W.
http://www.secondwindentrepreneurs.org
I can understand the difficulty of forward thinking, more so where key thinkers are concerned. Slow thinking about evident facts, however, is a different matter. So is "Ad utrumque paratus".
"But until last night I had not heard such direct admissions of concern. Indeed, another key thinker emphasized deep fear of China's vacuuming up of intellectual property around the world without regard to patent and copyright protections."
Communist China had been known to steel intellectual property right from its inception. The copying of any products they laid their hands on, without regard to patent rights, was the hallmark of their early "industrialization".
Took them, key thinkers, a long time to figure that out. No wonder the forward thinking was lacking. What do they smoke at these think tank dinner parties?
In a train wreck, there comes the moment when it's no longer possible to avert disaster. Pull the brakes as hard as you can, the momentum of the train is so great that disaster is unavoidable.
I fear that China's economy passed that point of no return in the second quarter of 2006.
Today, I'm going to tell you why I think China's economy is headed for a train wreck. Not tomorrow, but in the reasonably near future. I'd say 2009.
And in my next column, I'll sketch out the likely effects of that train wreck on the rest of the global economy and the folks, like you and me, who invest in it.
If you've been following the debate in the U.S. about the likelihood that cheap money here has produced a bubble in housing prices, you're already familiar with the basic scenario for a train wreck in China. Cheap money makes it easy to borrow to buy assets. That produces an asset bubble -- in the United States, first in stocks and then in real estate. adult videos As the asset bubble grows, borrowers get in over their heads as their judgment is overwhelmed by the excitement of rising prices. And lenders under the influence of similar emotions make loans to unqualified borrowers.
When the asset bubble starts to deflate, overextended borrowers default on their loans, putting pressure on lenders, who respond by tightening their lending standards, reducing the amount of money available to all borrowers. That sends the economy into a slowdown or worse.
They're borrowing to grow even more China does add a few wrinkles of its own to that scenario. Since the Chinese economy is still very bad at allocating capital, corporate borrowing to build new plants itself becomes part of the asset bubble. I'll start my sketch of China's coming train wreck with the problems in that sector.
In the second quarter, China's gross domestic product grew by an extraordinary 11.3%. That's a significant speed-up from 9.9% growth in 2005, 10.1% growth in 2004 and 10% growth in 2003
Communism is the name of a state of affairs immanent
to the expansion of capital - if you follow the logic of the image of the monkey's anatomy given in the Grundrisse by Marx (it has organs we would consider obsolete, such as the appendix, and it may have prehensile features too), capital is a name given to that which encapsulates our current an prior forms of exchange..
Confucius saying works..... "Two steps forward; one step backward."
Clyde Prestowitz is the president of the Economic Strategy Institute and writes on the global economy for FP.
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